The Roots of Colorism, or Skin Tone Discrimination

How does  colorism  play out in America? An old children’s rhyme captures the definition of colorism and its inner workings: â€Å"If you’re black, stay back;If you’re brown, stick around;If you’re yellow, you’re mellow;If you’re white, you’re all right.† Colorism refers to discrimination based on skin color. Colorism disadvantages dark-skinned people  while privileging those with lighter skin. Research has linked colorism to smaller incomes, lower marriage rates, longer prison terms, and fewer job prospects for darker-skinned people. Colorism has existed for centuries, in and out of black America. Its a persistent form of discrimination that should be fought with the same urgency as racism. Origins In the United States, colorism has roots in slavery, because slave owners typically gave preferential treatment to slaves with fairer complexions. While dark-skinned slaves toiled outdoors in the fields, their light-skinned counterparts usually worked indoors at far less  grueling domestic tasks.   Slave owners were partial to light-skinned slaves because they often were family members. Slave owners frequently forced slave women into sexual intercourse, and light-skinned offspring were the telltale signs of these sexual assaults. While slave owners didnt officially recognize their mixed-race children, they gave them privileges that dark-skinned slaves didnt enjoy. Accordingly, light skin came to be viewed as an asset in the slave community. Outside the United States, colorism may be more related to class than to white supremacy. Although  European colonialism has undoubtedly left its mark worldwide, colorism is said to predate contact with Europeans in Asian countries. There, the idea that white skin is superior to dark skin may derive from ruling classes typically having lighter complexions than peasant classes. While peasants became tanned as they labored outdoors, the privileged had lighter complexions because they didn’t. Thus, dark skin became associated with  lower classes and light skin with the elite. Today, the premium on light skin in Asia is likely tangled up with this history, along with cultural influences of the Western world. Enduring Legacy Colorism didn’t disappear after slavery ended in the U.S.  In black America, those with light skin received employment opportunities off-limits to darker-skinned blacks. This is why upper-class families in black society were largely light-skinned. Soon, light skin and privilege were linked in the black community. Upper-crust blacks routinely administered the brown paper bag test to determine if fellow blacks were light enough to include in social circles. â€Å"The paper bag would be held against your skin. And if you were darker than the paper bag, you weren’t admitted,† explained Marita Golden, author of Don’t Play in the Sun: One Woman’s Journey Through the Color Complex. Colorism didn’t just involve blacks discriminating against other blacks. Job advertisements from the mid-20th century reveal that African-Americans with light skin clearly believed their coloring would make them better job candidates. Writer Brent Staples discovered this while searching newspaper archives  near the Pennsylvania town where he grew up.  In the 1940s, he noticed, black job seekers often identified themselves as light-skinned: â€Å"Cooks, chauffeurs, and waitresses sometimes listed light colored as the primary qualification—ahead of experience, references, and the other important data. They did it to improve their chances and to reassure white employers who†¦found dark skin unpleasant or believed that their customers would.† Why Colorism Matters Colorism yields real-world advantages for individuals with light skin. For example, light-skinned Latinos make $5,000 more on average than dark-skinned Latinos, according to Shankar Vedantam, author of The Hidden Brain: How Our Unconscious Minds Elect Presidents, Control Markets, Wage Wars and Save Our Lives.  A  Villanova University study of more than 12,000 African-American women imprisoned in North Carolina found that lighter-skinned black women received shorter sentences than their darker-skinned counterparts. Research by Stanford psychologist Jennifer Eberhardt found that darker-skinned black defendants were twice as likely as lighter-skinned black defendants to get the death penalty for crimes involving white victims. Colorism also plays out in the romantic realm. Because fair skin is associated with beauty and status, light-skinned black women are more likely to be married than darker-skinned black women. â€Å"We find that the light-skin shade as measured by survey interviewers is associated with about a 15 percent greater probability of marriage for young black women,† said researchers who conducted a study called â€Å"Shedding ‘Light’ on Marriage.† Light skin is so coveted that whitening creams continue to be best-sellers in the U.S., Asia, and other nations. Mexican-American women in Arizona, California, and Texas have reportedly suffered mercury poisoning after using whitening creams to bleach their skin. In India, popular skin-bleaching lines target both women and men with dark skin. That skin-bleaching cosmetics persist after decades signals the enduring legacy of colorism. Sources Golden, Marita. Don’t Play in the Sun: One Woman’s Journey Through the Color Complex. Anchor, 2005.Staples, Brent. As Racism Wanes, Colorism Persists. The New York Times.Vedantam, Shankar. Shades of Prejudice. The New York Times.

Obesity Is The Type Of Disease That Is Infectious

Obesity may not be the type of disease that is infectious. However, it has reached heights of epidemic proportions and poses a public health challenge, not only in Australia but globally. This disease has attained substantial awareness as a major health hazard and can be defined as an unhealthy excess of body fat at which can lead to an increased risk of medical illnesses and also may result in mortality, (Kitzinger Karle, 2013). Since the 1980’s the prevalence of obesity has almost tripled and since 1998 the World Health Organisation has recognised the state of obesity as a situation on prevalent quantities. Predictions have been made that if the increase of obesity continues, a vast majority of the world’s population will be overweight†¦show more content†¦However, in the late 1970’s only 32 percent of adults, between the ages of 27 and 74 years were overweight and 15 percent were obese, (Office of the Surgeon General (U.S), 2001). In the United State s, of the year 2000, obesity caused the death of over 400,000 adults, a 33 percent increase since 1999. Overweight and obesity can lead to unpleasant metabolic effects with blood pressure, cholesterol, insulin resistance and triglycerides. There is also risk of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke. An increased body mass index (BMI), (a measure of weight relative to height†, (WHO, 2015)) can escalate the risk of cancer of the breast, prostate, kidney, gall bladder, prostate or colon, (WHO, 2015). Obesity is a huge factor that is adding to the worldwide crisis of disability and chronic disease and although obesity-associated morbidities occur most frequently in adults this disease occurs also in childhood and adolescents. Children that are have severe weight issues, (i.e. overweight or obesity) is a major concern to their health, (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009). Obesity is difficult to address within society as most habits are formed during childhood and recent studies have shown that those who suffer from obesity during their childhood show tendencies of staying obese through their adolescence and in their adulthood, (Office of the Surgeon

Implementation Of Corporate Social Responsibilities †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Implementation Of Corporate Social Responsibilities. Answer: Introduction Corporate social responsibility is a form of self-regulation that is incorporated in a business model. It entails the percentage of responsibility not only for economic consequences but also for environmental and social implications. It is generally known as the process through which an organisation achieves balance of economy, social and environmental imperatives, these three forms of the triple bottom line approach Oliver (2007, pp .247-254). This all is carried out as it addresses stakeholders and shareholders expectations. The triple bottom line proves to be a successful tool used by small businesses in developing countries that helps them in meeting set standards in regards to society and environmental state, it does all this with the aim of not compromising its competitiveness. It acts as a framework for gauging and reporting the organisation's performance Archie and Kareem (2010).By so doing it acts as an attempt to straighten up an enterprise's goals and strategies in order t o have more objectives than just profit Innes and Norris (2012). Yes, I agree that corporate social responsibility is really beneficial to a companys bottom line, this is so as it targets the society, environment and ethical issues and tries to act well with them. It brings about responsible business reputations as by doing so it leads to competitive advantage as some customers insist on companies with a high responsible rating as compared to others as it implies that the company has its logic and targets set well in place Oliver (2007, pp. 247-254). There is also the virtue of cost saving in which when a company reduces resource use and waste it can help save the environment and also money as it helps the organisation to lower its utility bills to gain low spending Archie and Kareem (2010). Environment CSR aim is to reduce effects that target the environment and that which makes the land get degraded and the activities it focuses on are like energy use, waste management, recycling and emissions. Such ways that help in such situations is like swit ching off lights and machinery when they are not in use, another aspect is reducing the amount of paper you waste as some papers are not degradable thus reducing the number of paper usage kerbs this issue. Advantages of corporate social responsibility Improves the image of the organization-the organisations that have implemented the CSR and followed it up to the letter end up gaining goodwill value. This is so as people want to get the product that an organisation sells as the company has a good reputation and its image is of authenticity, in regards to other organisations it increases the number of organisations willing to work with the corporation and be associated with it thereby increasing an organisations prestige Archie (2010, pp.85-105). This is highly true as the normal folks love association with well-mannered and proper giving organisations and become loyal due to that fact. Increases the retention of employees and also acts as a way of attraction, this is true as companies that carry out the CSR encourage and empower the clients and customers as they are seen as organisations that care about the well-being of people and also provide comfortable working conditions. In the social responsibilities, some organizations go out of their way to even know its employees birthdays and sets up something for them, also there is the financial assistance in times of need all these types of scenarios make employees want to remain with the company as the atmosphere is good and conducive for proper working and interacting Hopkins (2007). There is also the fact that regulatory authorities become friendly and less hostile when they know an organisation carries out CSR they give the company a fast-paced preference as it sees it follows all the protocols put in place as compared to an organisation with no CSR Contreras (2010). Due to being diverse and allowing itself to help out where it can, it attracts more capital inflow into the organisation as a companys image plays a huge role to investors and due to having incorporated the CSR it gets a massive boost thus people invest in it heavily. In disguise, it also acts as a good note as the government may be willing to invest in the company as it sees it gains and customer perception thereby leading to lesser regulations to the organisation. Production of pure renewable energy from the environment this is so as the company has financed an environmental CSR then it makes sure that its operations do not endanger any aspect of the environment as it also gives way to the company the chance to explore renewable energy sources Oliver and Stephan (2007). There are also disadvantages brought about by the CSR include a shift from making profits according to the organisations set objectives, it is in regards that an organisation first entity is to make profits and not invest in CSR thus by incorporating CSR it affects the outflow of cash and limits profit Innes and Norris (2012). Also, the company reputation takes a hit this occurs as companies are required to disclose the shortcomings of their goods this creates inconsistency and violates their customer organisation relation. Conclusion Properly implemented corporate social responsibility has the ability to bring advantages such as enhanced access capital and markets. It is put as the way a company carries out its business in an ethical way. CSR shows that business can fully grow and be diverse when they allow themselves to divulge in as using initiatives that affect the environment such as waste materials can be used to greatly benefit ones business Oliver and Stephan (2007). Human rights are relevant as there is a growing acceptance amongst organisations that shows them that also themselves have a role to play in our society and should play a major role in building it up. Another aspect is that organisations are expected to act in a socially responsible manner to an extent that it follows suite so as to influence investors decisions and also influence consumer want. CSR stands out as it acts in a sustainable, responsible process as it helps the organisation to be able to access finance, reduce the burden with local authorities and also be able to identify new business opportunities that sprout up. In this article, it shows that truly companies should incorporate the corporate responsibility in their agendas as it gives a good feel factor in their follow up. It gives major benefits as compared to the disadvantages as it measures effects necessary to attain the goals set aside by the organisation Oliver and Stephan (2007). References Archie B. Carroll and Kareem M. Shabana.2010. International journal of management: The business case for corporate social responsibilities: A review of concept, research and practice. Pp.85-105.12p. Oliver Falck and Stephan Heblich.2007.Business Horizons: Corporate social responsibility: Doing well by doing good .vol. 50 .Pp .247-254. Hopkins, (2007).Corporate social responsibility and international development: is a business the solution?London, Earthscan. Archie, (2010, pp 85-105). The business case for corporate social responsibility: A review of concepts, research and practice Mallin, (2009).Corporate social responsibility: a case study approach. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar. Oliver Falck, (2007, pp 247-254). Business horizons. Contreras, (2010).Corporate social responsibility in the promotion of social development: experiences from Asia and Latin America. Washington, DC, Inter-American Development Bank. Crowther Aras, (2008).Corporate social responsibility. [Frederiksberg, Denmark], BookBoon. Pedersen, (2015).Corporate social responsibility. Lee Kotler, (2013).Corporate social responsibility: doing the most good for your company and your cause. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley

Rabbit Proof Fence Summary free essay sample

Rabbit proof fence An Australian drama movie 2002 Book: â€Å"Follow the rabbit proof fence† by Doris Pilkington Garimara. Which is the true story of her mother, Molly. The movie takes place in Western Australia during the 1930? s the story begins in a remote town of Jigalong where three children live with their mother and grandmother. 14 yr old Molly 8 yr old Daisy 10 yr old Gracie The town lies along the rabbit proof fence, which runs for several thousand miles. The â€Å"protector† of Western Australia Aborigines A. O. Neville signs an order to relocate these girls to Moore River education camp, were they will grow up Neville refers the children as â€Å"half-castes† because they have one white and one Aboriginal parent. Therefore they must be bred out of existence. After the camp the girls will be servants to white families. Molly, Gracie and Daisy decide to escape the camp and walk home to Jigalong. We will write a custom essay sample on Rabbit Proof Fence Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An Aboriginal tracker, Moodoo is called in to help track down the girls. The girls are trained in disguising their tracks, and receive aid from strangers along the path. Eventually they find the fence. Neville spreads word that Gracie? s mother is in the town of Willuna. The information finds its way to an Aboriginal traveller who helps the girls. Gracie breaks off the group, and in the attempt to catch a train she gets captured and taken away. Molly and Daisy continues, and make it home. Along with their mother and grandmother the sisters hide in the desert. In the end Molly explains that Gracie never returned to Jigalong. And that her two own daughters including herself were taken back to Moore River. Molly managed to escape with one daughter, Annabelle. And once again walked the 2400 km. However, Annabelle was taken away after a short time and Molly never saw her daughter again. I think its a good movie with an interesting and sad story. And I think everyone should see it.

The Effect of Ph and Temperature for Amylase on Starch free essay sample

In biology lab we conducted an experiment in order to understand the effects of temperature and ph on enzyme activity. For this experiment you will need a spectrophotometer, a timer, starch solution, Erlenmeyer flasks, beakers, graduated cylinders, thermometers, distilled water, several cuvettes, ice, iodine solution, pipette, notepad, and pen/ pencil for recording data. Methods The lab manuel provided the basic procedures needed for the experiment. First all materials were gathered. We poured 35ml of starch solution in a beaker and added 35ml of a buffer. This flask was the reaction flask. Then we proceeded to zero the spectrophotometer by using a blank cuvette. The blank cuvette consisted of 5ml of pH and 5 ml of distilled water. Once the spectrophotometer was zeroed 1ml of amylase was added to the reaction flask. This indicated the beginning of the reaction. After every two minutes iodine would be added to stop the reaction, and someone would immediately record the absorbancy from the spectrophotometer. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Ph and Temperature for Amylase on Starch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was repeated in two-minute increments until twenty minutes passed. The data was recorded in a table. The same basic process was used when recording the effects of temperature. But this time the reaction flask consisted of 35ml of distilled water and 35ml of starch solution. The beaker was then placed in a heated compartment of about seventy degrees Celsius. Once the amylase was added the same process used with the first experiment was repeated and the data was recorded in a table. Introduction Enzyme kinetics is the study of rates of chemical reactions. In this experiment we set out to observe how ph and temperature would effect the reaction rate for amylase on starch. By recording the findings in the data we hope to establish an optimum ph and temperature for this reaction. Enzymes are catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. Because proteins have three- dimensional structures they are sensitive to their environment. Temperature and pH are environmental factors that effect enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum pH and temperature at which the reaction rate is greatest and the enzyme is most active. Amylase is an enzyme that can be found in the saliva of ones mouth. It plays a key role in human ingestion by acting on the starch found in the foods that humans consume. Because starch is insoluble amylase from the saliva is used to break it down into simpler form such as maltose. This allows human to absorb the starch. The optimum temperature for this reaction would be close to forty degrees Celsius which is very close to the body temperature of humans. The optimum ph for this reaction would be 7(neutral) because it is in your mouth. Different amylase enzymes are produced by other organisms. The amylase used in this experiment is actually one from barely seeds. This enzyme is harvested commercially from germinating barely seeds. The purpose of this experiment is to find the optimum temperature and ph for the reaction of this amylase on starch. This will be done by collecting data and calculating the reaction rates at different temperatures and pHs. The calculations will then be displayed on graphs where the optimum temperature and pH can be noticed. With no prior knowledge with the enzymes used in this experiment I predict that the optimum temperature will be forty five degrees Celsius and the optimum pH will be six. Based on my research the optimum temperature is about forty degrees Celsius so I am assuming that forty five degrees Celsius will be optimum. I also assume that six will be the optimum pH because it is not as acidic as the other pHs. The alternative hypotheses might be that the optimum temperature is greater than forty five degrees Celsius and the optimum pH is 4, which is the most acidic. This experiment is designed to give students first hand experience in defining optimum temperatures and pHs for enzymes. It is known that the optimal temperatures and pHs vary between enzymes. Now we must use data and calculate the optimal pH and temperatures of enzymes ourselves. The will undoubtedly be errors due to limited accuracy but the overall outcome of the experiments should be the same. These basic concepts of gathering data and expressing them in tables and charts are essential to many of the basic concepts used in biology for displaying data. It is also important that we become familiar with enzymatic activity because it has so much to with the everyday world that we live in from the food that we eat, to medicines that we take, and even in nature. Most of the processes that occur in humans are endothermic, and without enzymes lowering the activation energy t would be difficult for life to exist. Enzymatic activity is a microscopic process that effects our lives everyday. Results The data in the experiment show that the optimum pH for amylase on starch is 5 and the optimum temperature is forty-five degrees Celsius. The greatest change in delta A occurred at forty five degrees Celsius and fifty five degrees Celsius. These two values also had the highest reaction rates. However, the greatest change in delta A occurred at ph of 4. 5 and that was not the optimum pH. There was probably an error that occurred in the experiment that can explain this. Discussion The results of the experiment disproved part of my hypothesis. The results for temperature were consistent and supported my hypotheses. Although, I was correct in assuming that the optimum temperature would be forty-five degrees Celsius, I was wrong about the optimum pH. The experiment showed that the optimum pH was five and not six. This shows that the amylase works better in a slightly more acidic pH than I thought. As the amylase was breaking down the starch the outside physical environment was affecting the reaction rate. Heat causes the reaction rate to speed up and more substrates and enzymes can bind. But this is only to a certain extent. The optimal heat of a reaction is limited. After the optimum heat the enzymes will get overheated, change shape, and denature as can be observed from the graphs. The same applies for the optimal pH. After the enzyme has reached the optimal pH it will begin to denature as well. The only difference is that the reaction rates for enzymes are much more limited by pH that by temperature. At very low temperature enzymes are inactive. Heat increases enzymatic activity to its optimum point. However, pH has little or no activity until it is near the optimal ph. One can observe this by the differences of the two curves that are drawn. There some miscalculations found while graphing the data which were probably due to human error. But graphing a line of best fit helped to solve the problem. Bibliography Vliet,K. A. (ed). 1996. A laboratory Manuel for Integrated principles of Biology; Part One-BSC2010L, Ginn Press, Needham Heights, Massachusetts, Campbell, Reece. 2005. Biology, 7th edition. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. , Redwood City California The Effect of Ph and Temperature for Amylase on Starch free essay sample In biology lab we conducted an experiment in order to understand the effects of temperature and ph on enzyme activity. For this experiment you will need a spectrophotometer, a timer, starch solution, Erlenmeyer flasks, beakers, graduated cylinders, thermometers, distilled water, several cuvettes, ice, iodine solution, pipette, notepad, and pen/ pencil for recording data. Methods The lab manuel provided the basic procedures needed for the experiment. First all materials were gathered. We poured 35ml of starch solution in a beaker and added 35ml of a buffer. This flask was the reaction flask. Then we proceeded to zero the spectrophotometer by using a blank cuvette. The blank cuvette consisted of 5ml of pH and 5 ml of distilled water. Once the spectrophotometer was zeroed 1ml of amylase was added to the reaction flask. This indicated the beginning of the reaction. After every two minutes iodine would be added to stop the reaction, and someone would immediately record the absorbancy from the spectrophotometer. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Ph and Temperature for Amylase on Starch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was repeated in two-minute increments until twenty minutes passed. The data was recorded in a table. The same basic process was used when recording the effects of temperature. But this time the reaction flask consisted of 35ml of distilled water and 35ml of starch solution. The beaker was then placed in a heated compartment of about seventy degrees Celsius. Once the amylase was added the same process used with the first experiment was repeated and the data was recorded in a table. Introduction Enzyme kinetics is the study of rates of chemical reactions. In this experiment we set out to observe how ph and temperature would effect the reaction rate for amylase on starch. By recording the findings in the data we hope to establish an optimum ph and temperature for this reaction. Enzymes are catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. Because proteins have three- dimensional structures they are sensitive to their environment. Temperature and pH are environmental factors that effect enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum pH and temperature at which the reaction rate is greatest and the enzyme is most active. Amylase is an enzyme that can be found in the saliva of ones mouth. It plays a key role in human ingestion by acting on the starch found in the foods that humans consume. Because starch is insoluble amylase from the saliva is used to break it down into simpler form such as maltose. This allows human to absorb the starch. The optimum temperature for this reaction would be close to forty degrees Celsius which is very close to the body temperature of humans. The optimum ph for this reaction would be 7(neutral) because it is in your mouth. Different amylase enzymes are produced by other organisms. The amylase used in this experiment is actually one from barely seeds. This enzyme is harvested commercially from germinating barely seeds. The purpose of this experiment is to find the optimum temperature and ph for the reaction of this amylase on starch. This will be done by collecting data and calculating the reaction rates at different temperatures and pHs. The calculations will then be displayed on graphs where the optimum temperature and pH can be noticed. With no prior knowledge with the enzymes used in this experiment I predict that the optimum temperature will be forty five degrees Celsius and the optimum pH will be six. Based on my research the optimum temperature is about forty degrees Celsius so I am assuming that forty five degrees Celsius will be optimum. I also assume that six will be the optimum pH because it is not as acidic as the other pHs. The alternative hypotheses might be that the optimum temperature is greater than forty five degrees Celsius and the optimum pH is 4, which is the most acidic. This experiment is designed to give students first hand experience in defining optimum temperatures and pHs for enzymes. It is known that the optimal temperatures and pHs vary between enzymes. Now we must use data and calculate the optimal pH and temperatures of enzymes ourselves. The will undoubtedly be errors due to limited accuracy but the overall outcome of the experiments should be the same. These basic concepts of gathering data and expressing them in tables and charts are essential to many of the basic concepts used in biology for displaying data. It is also important that we become familiar with enzymatic activity because it has so much to with the everyday world that we live in from the food that we eat, to medicines that we take, and even in nature. Most of the processes that occur in humans are endothermic, and without enzymes lowering the activation energy t would be difficult for life to exist. Enzymatic activity is a microscopic process that effects our lives everyday. Results The data in the experiment show that the optimum pH for amylase on starch is 5 and the optimum temperature is forty-five degrees Celsius. The greatest change in delta A occurred at forty five degrees Celsius and fifty five degrees Celsius. These two values also had the highest reaction rates. However, the greatest change in delta A occurred at ph of 4. 5 and that was not the optimum pH. There was probably an error that occurred in the experiment that can explain this. Discussion The results of the experiment disproved part of my hypothesis. The results for temperature were consistent and supported my hypotheses. Although, I was correct in assuming that the optimum temperature would be forty-five degrees Celsius, I was wrong about the optimum pH. The experiment showed that the optimum pH was five and not six. This shows that the amylase works better in a slightly more acidic pH than I thought. As the amylase was breaking down the starch the outside physical environment was affecting the reaction rate. Heat causes the reaction rate to speed up and more substrates and enzymes can bind. But this is only to a certain extent. The optimal heat of a reaction is limited. After the optimum heat the enzymes will get overheated, change shape, and denature as can be observed from the graphs. The same applies for the optimal pH. After the enzyme has reached the optimal pH it will begin to denature as well. The only difference is that the reaction rates for enzymes are much more limited by pH that by temperature. At very low temperature enzymes are inactive. Heat increases enzymatic activity to its optimum point. However, pH has little or no activity until it is near the optimal ph. One can observe this by the differences of the two curves that are drawn. There some miscalculations found while graphing the data which were probably due to human error. But graphing a line of best fit helped to solve the problem. Bibliography Vliet,K. A. (ed). 1996. A laboratory Manuel for Integrated principles of Biology; Part One-BSC2010L, Ginn Press, Needham Heights, Massachusetts, Campbell, Reece. 2005. Biology, 7th edition. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. , Redwood City California

The Culture of Ukraine Rather juvenile investigation into the beliefs and customs of the people of the Ukraine.

The Culture of Ukraine Rather juvenile investigation into the beliefs and customs of the people of the Ukraine. The Culture ofUkraineThe Ukrainian people have made a spirited effort to preservetheir cultural heritage. There are several outdoor museum villageswhich display buildings, craft, and living conditions of the pastcentury. Folk dancing and music festivals are often held withtraditional, regional music and costumes.The theater scene in Ukraine is pretty lively. Performancesare mostly in Russian or Ukrainian. The Kyiv Opera House is thehome to many opera and ballet companies of considerable talentand with extensive repertoires. Government subsidies make operaand theater broadcasts less expensive. The Kyiv PhilharmonicConcert Hall, a nineteenth century church with a pipe organ, andthe Kyiv Opera House have a scheduled program that includesperformances by the Odessa Philharmonic Orchestra.Ukrainian contemporary art includes painting and sculpturein a wide range of both experimental and traditional styles. note:Are you noticing that, like practically every other cultural report,this paper i s giving you the impression that, if you didn't knowany better, Ukraine would still be in the eighteenth century, and Idon't remember any ugly municipal parking garages in theeighteenth century, and therefore this paper is not entirelyEnglish: Vydubychi Monastery in Kiev, Ukraineaccurate. Icons and folk arts are portrayed in museums, andcontemporary versions are skillfully done and can be purchased inart galleries and shops. There are several art museums in Kyiv aswell as a Kyivian history museum. There are house museumscontaining Ukrainian and European art. The former LeanMuseum, now referred to as the Ukrainian National House, usesits exhibition space to display numerous small exhibits. In additionto art, many museums have collections and exhibits on botany,zoology, geology, archaeology, and aerospace. How the Ukrainiangovernment fits approximately fifty-three million people in withall those museums and concert halls is a great demographicmiracle.Eleven years of schooling are mand atory in Ukraine, so thesecondary school system is a matter for the government. Schoolsare state run, (Of course they're state run. Did you ever see agovernment program that was privately run?) and deviation fromthe curriculum established by the Ministry of Education isfrowned upon. The objective of the secondary schools is to givestudents a good knowledge of the fundaments of the arts andsciences, as well as to teach them to use these fundamentsproperly.Students begin schooling at age six. Because there are noindividual buildings for elementary, junior high, and high schools,students remain in the same building until they graduate.After the ninth grade students have the option of entering atechnical school program. These can last from one year (if thestudent enters after graduating from secondary school) to threeyears (if the student enters after ninth grade). Entering a college oruniversity in Ukraine is very competitive in Ukraine. Applicantsmust produce a certificate of graduati on from a secondary schooland to pass difficult examinations. I mean the kind ofexaminations that would make the Graduate Record Exam looklike a two-year-old putting together blocks.Educational policy favors the study of science andtechnology. Kyiv is rich in institutes of higher learning. MohyloAcademy is a private liberal arts university recently built on thesite of Ukraine's first university, which was founded in theseventeenth century. Among the other new facilities is a school oflaw that offers courses in both Ukrainian and English. There aremany American graduate students studying in Ukraine under aprogram administered by the International Research and ExchangeBoard (IREX) program. Professors from the United States conductcourses in American literature (an near-oxymoron) and othersubjects under the Fulbright program.The switch from labor to leisure in Ukraine is not as plannedas in other countries. Ukrainians generally work as hard at onetask as possible so that they needn't t ry again.There are a variety of ways Ukrainians do spend their leisuretime. One popular way is to combine the relaxations of drinking,eating, singing, and get some fresh air. This is also known asgoing to a picnic to get drunk, after which you eat enough chili togive all of southeast Asia heartburn. If you can obtain tickets,movies, ballets, and plays are a favorite weekend diversion.Sports complexes can be found in nearly every major city inUkraine. These complexes usually house a swimming pool,facilities for aerobics, boxing, and team sports. There are sportsacademies for students, or they may use their own school facilities.But if none of the above is available, a grassy surface in a parkwill suffice. Adults also take part in amateur competitive sports.Their most popular sports are soccer (with good reason),basketball, volleyball, hockey, and boxing. Tennis is slowlygaining popularity, and the Ukrainians have again proven theirintelligence, for there are no golf courses in all of Ukraine.

Canadas Economic and Political System in Context Research Paper

Canadas Economic and Political System in Context - Research Paper Example Liberal democracy is a political system found throughout the developed countries of the Western world and one in which there are both adherents and detractors. Liberal democracy is seen by many as the ideal political system which has its roots in the ancient Greek traditions, while others feel that it is not the most effective form of governance. What is a liberal democracy? For many, liberal democracy is characterized by universal suffrage, free and fair elections, and an open society in which a plurality of opinion is respected. In this context, the exercise of political power and transfer of this power occurs through peaceful means. In much of the world, democracy ensures political stability and democratic rules of governance denote political legitimacy. According to the tenets of democracy, everyone has given a voice and the elected political officials in a democratic regime derive legitimacy from the fact that everyone has been given a voice in the political process. Due to the fact elections are perceived as being free and fair, the political party or regime which is elected derives legitimacy from the fact that the election was fairly contested. Liberal democracy has led to the spread of stable political regimes in countries such as Great Britain, Canada, the United States, and Australia.