The Effect of Ph and Temperature for Amylase on Starch free essay sample

In biology lab we conducted an experiment in order to understand the effects of temperature and ph on enzyme activity. For this experiment you will need a spectrophotometer, a timer, starch solution, Erlenmeyer flasks, beakers, graduated cylinders, thermometers, distilled water, several cuvettes, ice, iodine solution, pipette, notepad, and pen/ pencil for recording data. Methods The lab manuel provided the basic procedures needed for the experiment. First all materials were gathered. We poured 35ml of starch solution in a beaker and added 35ml of a buffer. This flask was the reaction flask. Then we proceeded to zero the spectrophotometer by using a blank cuvette. The blank cuvette consisted of 5ml of pH and 5 ml of distilled water. Once the spectrophotometer was zeroed 1ml of amylase was added to the reaction flask. This indicated the beginning of the reaction. After every two minutes iodine would be added to stop the reaction, and someone would immediately record the absorbancy from the spectrophotometer. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Ph and Temperature for Amylase on Starch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was repeated in two-minute increments until twenty minutes passed. The data was recorded in a table. The same basic process was used when recording the effects of temperature. But this time the reaction flask consisted of 35ml of distilled water and 35ml of starch solution. The beaker was then placed in a heated compartment of about seventy degrees Celsius. Once the amylase was added the same process used with the first experiment was repeated and the data was recorded in a table. Introduction Enzyme kinetics is the study of rates of chemical reactions. In this experiment we set out to observe how ph and temperature would effect the reaction rate for amylase on starch. By recording the findings in the data we hope to establish an optimum ph and temperature for this reaction. Enzymes are catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. Because proteins have three- dimensional structures they are sensitive to their environment. Temperature and pH are environmental factors that effect enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum pH and temperature at which the reaction rate is greatest and the enzyme is most active. Amylase is an enzyme that can be found in the saliva of ones mouth. It plays a key role in human ingestion by acting on the starch found in the foods that humans consume. Because starch is insoluble amylase from the saliva is used to break it down into simpler form such as maltose. This allows human to absorb the starch. The optimum temperature for this reaction would be close to forty degrees Celsius which is very close to the body temperature of humans. The optimum ph for this reaction would be 7(neutral) because it is in your mouth. Different amylase enzymes are produced by other organisms. The amylase used in this experiment is actually one from barely seeds. This enzyme is harvested commercially from germinating barely seeds. The purpose of this experiment is to find the optimum temperature and ph for the reaction of this amylase on starch. This will be done by collecting data and calculating the reaction rates at different temperatures and pHs. The calculations will then be displayed on graphs where the optimum temperature and pH can be noticed. With no prior knowledge with the enzymes used in this experiment I predict that the optimum temperature will be forty five degrees Celsius and the optimum pH will be six. Based on my research the optimum temperature is about forty degrees Celsius so I am assuming that forty five degrees Celsius will be optimum. I also assume that six will be the optimum pH because it is not as acidic as the other pHs. The alternative hypotheses might be that the optimum temperature is greater than forty five degrees Celsius and the optimum pH is 4, which is the most acidic. This experiment is designed to give students first hand experience in defining optimum temperatures and pHs for enzymes. It is known that the optimal temperatures and pHs vary between enzymes. Now we must use data and calculate the optimal pH and temperatures of enzymes ourselves. The will undoubtedly be errors due to limited accuracy but the overall outcome of the experiments should be the same. These basic concepts of gathering data and expressing them in tables and charts are essential to many of the basic concepts used in biology for displaying data. It is also important that we become familiar with enzymatic activity because it has so much to with the everyday world that we live in from the food that we eat, to medicines that we take, and even in nature. Most of the processes that occur in humans are endothermic, and without enzymes lowering the activation energy t would be difficult for life to exist. Enzymatic activity is a microscopic process that effects our lives everyday. Results The data in the experiment show that the optimum pH for amylase on starch is 5 and the optimum temperature is forty-five degrees Celsius. The greatest change in delta A occurred at forty five degrees Celsius and fifty five degrees Celsius. These two values also had the highest reaction rates. However, the greatest change in delta A occurred at ph of 4. 5 and that was not the optimum pH. There was probably an error that occurred in the experiment that can explain this. Discussion The results of the experiment disproved part of my hypothesis. The results for temperature were consistent and supported my hypotheses. Although, I was correct in assuming that the optimum temperature would be forty-five degrees Celsius, I was wrong about the optimum pH. The experiment showed that the optimum pH was five and not six. This shows that the amylase works better in a slightly more acidic pH than I thought. As the amylase was breaking down the starch the outside physical environment was affecting the reaction rate. Heat causes the reaction rate to speed up and more substrates and enzymes can bind. But this is only to a certain extent. The optimal heat of a reaction is limited. After the optimum heat the enzymes will get overheated, change shape, and denature as can be observed from the graphs. The same applies for the optimal pH. After the enzyme has reached the optimal pH it will begin to denature as well. The only difference is that the reaction rates for enzymes are much more limited by pH that by temperature. At very low temperature enzymes are inactive. Heat increases enzymatic activity to its optimum point. However, pH has little or no activity until it is near the optimal ph. One can observe this by the differences of the two curves that are drawn. There some miscalculations found while graphing the data which were probably due to human error. But graphing a line of best fit helped to solve the problem. Bibliography Vliet,K. A. (ed). 1996. A laboratory Manuel for Integrated principles of Biology; Part One-BSC2010L, Ginn Press, Needham Heights, Massachusetts, Campbell, Reece. 2005. Biology, 7th edition. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. , Redwood City California The Effect of Ph and Temperature for Amylase on Starch free essay sample In biology lab we conducted an experiment in order to understand the effects of temperature and ph on enzyme activity. For this experiment you will need a spectrophotometer, a timer, starch solution, Erlenmeyer flasks, beakers, graduated cylinders, thermometers, distilled water, several cuvettes, ice, iodine solution, pipette, notepad, and pen/ pencil for recording data. Methods The lab manuel provided the basic procedures needed for the experiment. First all materials were gathered. We poured 35ml of starch solution in a beaker and added 35ml of a buffer. This flask was the reaction flask. Then we proceeded to zero the spectrophotometer by using a blank cuvette. The blank cuvette consisted of 5ml of pH and 5 ml of distilled water. Once the spectrophotometer was zeroed 1ml of amylase was added to the reaction flask. This indicated the beginning of the reaction. After every two minutes iodine would be added to stop the reaction, and someone would immediately record the absorbancy from the spectrophotometer. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Ph and Temperature for Amylase on Starch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was repeated in two-minute increments until twenty minutes passed. The data was recorded in a table. The same basic process was used when recording the effects of temperature. But this time the reaction flask consisted of 35ml of distilled water and 35ml of starch solution. The beaker was then placed in a heated compartment of about seventy degrees Celsius. Once the amylase was added the same process used with the first experiment was repeated and the data was recorded in a table. Introduction Enzyme kinetics is the study of rates of chemical reactions. In this experiment we set out to observe how ph and temperature would effect the reaction rate for amylase on starch. By recording the findings in the data we hope to establish an optimum ph and temperature for this reaction. Enzymes are catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. Because proteins have three- dimensional structures they are sensitive to their environment. Temperature and pH are environmental factors that effect enzyme activity. Each enzyme has an optimum pH and temperature at which the reaction rate is greatest and the enzyme is most active. Amylase is an enzyme that can be found in the saliva of ones mouth. It plays a key role in human ingestion by acting on the starch found in the foods that humans consume. Because starch is insoluble amylase from the saliva is used to break it down into simpler form such as maltose. This allows human to absorb the starch. The optimum temperature for this reaction would be close to forty degrees Celsius which is very close to the body temperature of humans. The optimum ph for this reaction would be 7(neutral) because it is in your mouth. Different amylase enzymes are produced by other organisms. The amylase used in this experiment is actually one from barely seeds. This enzyme is harvested commercially from germinating barely seeds. The purpose of this experiment is to find the optimum temperature and ph for the reaction of this amylase on starch. This will be done by collecting data and calculating the reaction rates at different temperatures and pHs. The calculations will then be displayed on graphs where the optimum temperature and pH can be noticed. With no prior knowledge with the enzymes used in this experiment I predict that the optimum temperature will be forty five degrees Celsius and the optimum pH will be six. Based on my research the optimum temperature is about forty degrees Celsius so I am assuming that forty five degrees Celsius will be optimum. I also assume that six will be the optimum pH because it is not as acidic as the other pHs. The alternative hypotheses might be that the optimum temperature is greater than forty five degrees Celsius and the optimum pH is 4, which is the most acidic. This experiment is designed to give students first hand experience in defining optimum temperatures and pHs for enzymes. It is known that the optimal temperatures and pHs vary between enzymes. Now we must use data and calculate the optimal pH and temperatures of enzymes ourselves. The will undoubtedly be errors due to limited accuracy but the overall outcome of the experiments should be the same. These basic concepts of gathering data and expressing them in tables and charts are essential to many of the basic concepts used in biology for displaying data. It is also important that we become familiar with enzymatic activity because it has so much to with the everyday world that we live in from the food that we eat, to medicines that we take, and even in nature. Most of the processes that occur in humans are endothermic, and without enzymes lowering the activation energy t would be difficult for life to exist. Enzymatic activity is a microscopic process that effects our lives everyday. Results The data in the experiment show that the optimum pH for amylase on starch is 5 and the optimum temperature is forty-five degrees Celsius. The greatest change in delta A occurred at forty five degrees Celsius and fifty five degrees Celsius. These two values also had the highest reaction rates. However, the greatest change in delta A occurred at ph of 4. 5 and that was not the optimum pH. There was probably an error that occurred in the experiment that can explain this. Discussion The results of the experiment disproved part of my hypothesis. The results for temperature were consistent and supported my hypotheses. Although, I was correct in assuming that the optimum temperature would be forty-five degrees Celsius, I was wrong about the optimum pH. The experiment showed that the optimum pH was five and not six. This shows that the amylase works better in a slightly more acidic pH than I thought. As the amylase was breaking down the starch the outside physical environment was affecting the reaction rate. Heat causes the reaction rate to speed up and more substrates and enzymes can bind. But this is only to a certain extent. The optimal heat of a reaction is limited. After the optimum heat the enzymes will get overheated, change shape, and denature as can be observed from the graphs. The same applies for the optimal pH. After the enzyme has reached the optimal pH it will begin to denature as well. The only difference is that the reaction rates for enzymes are much more limited by pH that by temperature. At very low temperature enzymes are inactive. Heat increases enzymatic activity to its optimum point. However, pH has little or no activity until it is near the optimal ph. One can observe this by the differences of the two curves that are drawn. There some miscalculations found while graphing the data which were probably due to human error. But graphing a line of best fit helped to solve the problem. Bibliography Vliet,K. A. (ed). 1996. A laboratory Manuel for Integrated principles of Biology; Part One-BSC2010L, Ginn Press, Needham Heights, Massachusetts, Campbell, Reece. 2005. Biology, 7th edition. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. , Redwood City California

The Culture of Ukraine Rather juvenile investigation into the beliefs and customs of the people of the Ukraine.

The Culture of Ukraine Rather juvenile investigation into the beliefs and customs of the people of the Ukraine. The Culture ofUkraineThe Ukrainian people have made a spirited effort to preservetheir cultural heritage. There are several outdoor museum villageswhich display buildings, craft, and living conditions of the pastcentury. Folk dancing and music festivals are often held withtraditional, regional music and costumes.The theater scene in Ukraine is pretty lively. Performancesare mostly in Russian or Ukrainian. The Kyiv Opera House is thehome to many opera and ballet companies of considerable talentand with extensive repertoires. Government subsidies make operaand theater broadcasts less expensive. The Kyiv PhilharmonicConcert Hall, a nineteenth century church with a pipe organ, andthe Kyiv Opera House have a scheduled program that includesperformances by the Odessa Philharmonic Orchestra.Ukrainian contemporary art includes painting and sculpturein a wide range of both experimental and traditional styles. note:Are you noticing that, like practically every other cultural report,this paper i s giving you the impression that, if you didn't knowany better, Ukraine would still be in the eighteenth century, and Idon't remember any ugly municipal parking garages in theeighteenth century, and therefore this paper is not entirelyEnglish: Vydubychi Monastery in Kiev, Ukraineaccurate. Icons and folk arts are portrayed in museums, andcontemporary versions are skillfully done and can be purchased inart galleries and shops. There are several art museums in Kyiv aswell as a Kyivian history museum. There are house museumscontaining Ukrainian and European art. The former LeanMuseum, now referred to as the Ukrainian National House, usesits exhibition space to display numerous small exhibits. In additionto art, many museums have collections and exhibits on botany,zoology, geology, archaeology, and aerospace. How the Ukrainiangovernment fits approximately fifty-three million people in withall those museums and concert halls is a great demographicmiracle.Eleven years of schooling are mand atory in Ukraine, so thesecondary school system is a matter for the government. Schoolsare state run, (Of course they're state run. Did you ever see agovernment program that was privately run?) and deviation fromthe curriculum established by the Ministry of Education isfrowned upon. The objective of the secondary schools is to givestudents a good knowledge of the fundaments of the arts andsciences, as well as to teach them to use these fundamentsproperly.Students begin schooling at age six. Because there are noindividual buildings for elementary, junior high, and high schools,students remain in the same building until they graduate.After the ninth grade students have the option of entering atechnical school program. These can last from one year (if thestudent enters after graduating from secondary school) to threeyears (if the student enters after ninth grade). Entering a college oruniversity in Ukraine is very competitive in Ukraine. Applicantsmust produce a certificate of graduati on from a secondary schooland to pass difficult examinations. I mean the kind ofexaminations that would make the Graduate Record Exam looklike a two-year-old putting together blocks.Educational policy favors the study of science andtechnology. Kyiv is rich in institutes of higher learning. MohyloAcademy is a private liberal arts university recently built on thesite of Ukraine's first university, which was founded in theseventeenth century. Among the other new facilities is a school oflaw that offers courses in both Ukrainian and English. There aremany American graduate students studying in Ukraine under aprogram administered by the International Research and ExchangeBoard (IREX) program. Professors from the United States conductcourses in American literature (an near-oxymoron) and othersubjects under the Fulbright program.The switch from labor to leisure in Ukraine is not as plannedas in other countries. Ukrainians generally work as hard at onetask as possible so that they needn't t ry again.There are a variety of ways Ukrainians do spend their leisuretime. One popular way is to combine the relaxations of drinking,eating, singing, and get some fresh air. This is also known asgoing to a picnic to get drunk, after which you eat enough chili togive all of southeast Asia heartburn. If you can obtain tickets,movies, ballets, and plays are a favorite weekend diversion.Sports complexes can be found in nearly every major city inUkraine. These complexes usually house a swimming pool,facilities for aerobics, boxing, and team sports. There are sportsacademies for students, or they may use their own school facilities.But if none of the above is available, a grassy surface in a parkwill suffice. Adults also take part in amateur competitive sports.Their most popular sports are soccer (with good reason),basketball, volleyball, hockey, and boxing. Tennis is slowlygaining popularity, and the Ukrainians have again proven theirintelligence, for there are no golf courses in all of Ukraine.

Canadas Economic and Political System in Context Research Paper

Canadas Economic and Political System in Context - Research Paper Example Liberal democracy is a political system found throughout the developed countries of the Western world and one in which there are both adherents and detractors. Liberal democracy is seen by many as the ideal political system which has its roots in the ancient Greek traditions, while others feel that it is not the most effective form of governance. What is a liberal democracy? For many, liberal democracy is characterized by universal suffrage, free and fair elections, and an open society in which a plurality of opinion is respected. In this context, the exercise of political power and transfer of this power occurs through peaceful means. In much of the world, democracy ensures political stability and democratic rules of governance denote political legitimacy. According to the tenets of democracy, everyone has given a voice and the elected political officials in a democratic regime derive legitimacy from the fact that everyone has been given a voice in the political process. Due to the fact elections are perceived as being free and fair, the political party or regime which is elected derives legitimacy from the fact that the election was fairly contested. Liberal democracy has led to the spread of stable political regimes in countries such as Great Britain, Canada, the United States, and Australia.